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This  item  i3  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


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The  copy  filmed  her*  has  bean  raproducad  thanka 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Coiurnbia 

Tha  imagas  appearing  hare  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
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filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
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first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

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right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaira  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g*n*rosit*  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

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plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaira  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lea  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmAs  en  commengant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Las  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmis  it  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciich6,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
da  I'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  an  pranant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  n^cessaire.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

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5 

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tanjmi 


'"' '-espeefs  of -. 


THE   NATIVE  TRIBES  OF  ALASKA. 


AN 


ADDRESS 


BEFORE  THE 


SECTION  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 


OF  THE 


AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE. 


AT 


ANN  ARBOR,   AUGUST.  1885. 


BY       il^yr 


WILLIAM  H.  DALL.    ^fqc    (<^  ^-. 
v.r.v.  PRKSinKNT.  t 


ViCE  PRESIDENT 


i    ! 


[rrora  the  Procebdinos  of  the  American  association  f«h  the  Advancbmknt 
OF  Science,  Vol.  XXXIV,  Ann  Arbor  Meeting,  August,  18S5.1 


PRINTED  AT  THE  SALEM  PRESS. 

SALEM,  MASS. 

1885. 


ADDRESS 


BT 


WILLIAM  H.  DALL. 

VICE  PRESIUE'TT,  SECTION   H,  ANTHROPOLOGY. 


THE  NATIVE  TRIBES  OF  ALASKA. 


Ladies  and  gentlemen  : — It  is  now  sixteen  years  since  I  read 
my  first  ethnological  paper  before  this  association,  at  the  Salem 
meeting  in  1869.  That  paper  sketched  the  distribution  of  the  na- 
tive tribes  of  Alaska  and  adjacent  territory,  together  with  some  of 
their  most  salient  characteristics,  and  formed  a  summary  of  what 
advances  had  been  made  in  the  knowledge  of  such  matters  in  that 
region  since  1855,  when  Holmberg  published  his  ethnographic 
sketch  of  the  people  of  Russian  America. 

On  this  occasion  I  propose  to  return  to  the  same  subject,  to  in- 
dicate the  principal  investigations  which  have  added  to  our  knowl- 
edge since  1869  and  to  briefly  sum  up  its  present  state,  adding  a 
few  remarks  on  the  directions  in  wliich  future  study  may  be  most 
profitably  employed.  That  the  present  is  a  particularly  suitable 
time  to  call  attention  to  the  subject  I  am  led  to  believe  for  several 
reasons. 

At  the  time  when  my  paper  of  1869  was  read,  anthropological 
study  in  Alaska  had  passed  through  several  phases  and  was  enter- 
ing upon  another.  The  first  period  in  which  material  for  such 
study  had  been  collected  began  with  the  expedition  of  Bering  and 
Chirikoff  and  lasted  during  the  remainder  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. It  was  characterized  by  maritime  discovery  and  the  prelim- 
inary mapping  of  the  coast  by  the  early  navigators,  often  men  of 
keen  observation,  whose  accounts  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  coasts 
they  explored  are  still  of  great  value,  and  for  the  most  part  quite 
reliable  within  obvious  limits.  To  this  period  belong  the  names 
of  Cook,  Vancouver,  Bodega,  Maurelle,  Gray,  Meares,  Dixon, 
Portlock,  Vasilieflf,  Krenitzin  and  Levasheff,  and  a  host  of  lesser 

(3) 


230314 


SECTION  H. 


Riiasijin  navigators  whose  loconls  liave  been  preserved  for  us  by 
tlie  laudable  efforts  of  Coxe. 

The  second  period  may  be  said  to  have  begun  with  the  establish- 
ment, as  a  legalized  monopoly,  of  the  Russian  American  Company 
and  the  consequent  circumnavigations  of  the  globe  by  Russian  na- 
val vessels,  which  brougiit  mails  and  accessories  of  civilization  to 
tlu^  rude  and  hardy  fur-imnters  of  the  northwest  coast.  These  be- 
gan with  the  voyage  of  Krusenstern  in  the  Nadezhda  an(\  the  work 
begun  by  him  was  admirably  carried  on  by  his  successors  ;  Lisian- 
ski,  Kotzebue,  Golofnin,  Vasilieff,  Wrangell,  Liitke,  Tebienkoff 
and  others.  Many  of  these  expeditions  were  accompanied  by  men 
of  science,  cither  as  surgeons  or  as  special  investigators,  whose 
names  to  the  biologist  and  anthropologist  are  as  household  words. 
Such  were  Langsdorff,  Chamisso,  Merck,  Eschscholtz,  Choris,  Kitt- 
litz,  Postells  and  Mertens. 

Other  nations  though  naturally  behind  the  Russians  were  not 
absent  from  the  field.  The  voyage  of  Beechey  and  later  of  Sir  Ed- 
ward Belcher;  Dease  and  Simpson,andolher  officers  and  servants 
of  the  Hudson  Bay  company,  combining  exploration  and  commerce 
or  barter  the  United  Slates  exploring  expedition  under  Wilkes, 
and  the  North  Pacific  exploring  expedition  under  Ringgold  and 
Rodgers ;  all  added  materially  to  our  knowledge.  A  single 
group  of  expeditions  sent  by  Great  Britain,  in  addition  to  the 
above  mentioned,  were  also  not  fruitless,  though,  considering  the 
o,.portunities  offered,  the  results  were  extremely  meagre.  I  refer 
to  the  Franklin  relief  expeditions  on  the  ships  Jferald  and  Plover, 
Enterprine  and  Investiijalor. 

The  names  of  Collinson,  McClurc,  Kellett,  Moore  and  Maguire, 
are  familiar  to  all  interested  in  arctic  geography  and  Hooper,  J. 
Simpson  and  Seemann  who  accompanied  one  or  the  other  of  these 
parties,  have  left  their  imprint  on  the  history'  of  anthropological  re- 
search. During  this  period  also  the  noble  and  devoted  Veniami- 
noff  began  his  missionary  labors  in  Maska  simultaneously  with 
which  he  accunnilated  data  for  memoirs  on  the  natural  history  of 
man  which  will  always  remain  standards  of  reference. 

With  the  return  to  Europe  of  ofHcers  who  had  served  their  time 
in  the  colonies  and  whose  scientific  tastes  had  led  them  into  stud- 
ies of  the  people  over  whom  they  had  ruled,  material  accumulated, 
until  in  1855,  the  work  of  the  anthropologist  in  Alaska  and  adja- 
cent regions  was  summed  up  by  Holmberg  in  the  paper  I  have  al- 


^^^ 


Er"" 


T^ 


I 


ADDRESS    BY   W.    II.    PAI-L.  « 

ready  aUiuled  to.     Much  that  is  to  bo  found  in  it  is  fundamental 
and  must  form  a  part  of  any  systematic  arrangement  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Northwest  America.    It  was  p'-:.ctically  copied  by  Wehrman 
in   TikhmeniefTs  History  of  the   Russian   American   Company. 
But  a  Russian  officer  by  the  name  of  Zagosliin  had  been  ordered 
to  the  Yulion  region  in  1843.     According  tj  the  reports  of  those 
who  were  with  him,  this  man  was  extremely  lazy  and  inefficient. 
He  relied  in  great  part  on  the  ill-interpreted  information,  often 
partly  fabulous,  obtained  from  the  natives.     From  these  he  cooked 
up  accounts  of  journeys  never  made  and  maps  of  rivers  never  visit- 
ed, with  lists  of  tribes  who  never  existed  as  such  but. were  per- 
haps the  inhabitants  of  some  hamlet  of  three  hut-?  in  the  distant 
interior.     He  did  not  intentionally  misrepresent  ihe  people  Oi  the 
country  and  thciC  is  much  that  is  true  and  useful  in  his  report. 
However  he  desired  to  magnify  his  own  labors  and  researches  and 
in  the  way  indicated  succeeded  in  incorporating  much  that  was  er- 
roneous which  affected  the  work  of  Holraberg  and  others  who  took 
the  report,  as  it  stood,  as  a  foundation  for  their  studies. 

In  1839  Elia  Wossnessenski  reached  the  northwest  coast,  as  an 
agent  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg,  to 
make  collections  in  Alaska.  Aided  by  the  Russian  American 
Company,  a  magnificent  ethnological  collection  was  made  in  du- 
plicate, of  which  one  series  went  to  Russia ;  the  other  was  re- 
tained in  the  Colonial  Museum  at  Sitka  ;  the  remnants  of  thisuave 
fortunately  found  a  resting  place  in  the  Peabody  Museum  at 
Cambridge,  after  some  curious  vicissitudes.  This  was  the  first  sys- 
tematic attempt  to  represent  the  arts  and  industries  of  the  Alaskan 
peoples  in  any  collection.  It  was,  of  course,  defective  in  regard 
to  the  interior  tribes  and  those  of  the  Arctic  coast,  but,  for  the 
tribes  accessible  to  the  Russians,  it  was  originally  very  complete 
and,  except  for  destructible  objects  made  of  skin  and  other  animal 
products,  still  remains  so.  The  progress  of  investigation  in  the 
direction  of  anthropology  received  a  check  by  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Anglo-Russian  war  of  1854-57,  and  came  to  a  standstill  with 
the  failure  of  the  Russian  American  Company  to  secure  a  renewal 
of  their  charter  in  1862.  After  that  expenses  were  curtailed, 
scientific  explorations  by  the  Russians  ceased,  and  the  civilized 
population  of  Alaska  carried  on  their  fur-trading  and  other  busi- 
ness in  a  mood  of  expectancy. 

In  1861,  Robert  Kennicott,  of  Chicago,  had  been  carried  by  the 


SECTION    II. 


fervor  of  his  inborn  love  of  science  fnr  into  tlic  inliospitnblc  north. 
Aided  by  tlie  Hudson  Bay  Company,  under  the  auspices  of  tiie 
Smithsonian  Institution,  he  penetrated  the  territory,  then  linown 
as  that  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  to  its  extreniest  trading 
post,  and  in  tliat  year  descended  tlie  Yukon  from  Fort  Yukon 
nearly  to  the  limits  of  Russian  exploration,  coming  from  the  op- 
posite direction. 

After  his  return  the  projectors  of  tlie  international  telegraph, 
believing  from  repeated  failures  that  no  long  ocean  cable  would  be 
of  permanent  use,  called  upon  him  for  information  in  regard  td*^ 
the  possibility  of  a  line,  with  a  very  short  cable  across  Bering 
Strait,  via  Arctic  America  an<l  Siberia.  After  some  negotiations 
it  was  determined  to  explore  for  such  a  line,  and  Konnicott,  in 
consideration  of  tlie  opportunities  for  the  scientific  exploration  of 
an  almost  unknown  interior  region,  agreed  in  1804  to  direct  the 
work  in  what  was  then  Russian  America.  With  him  went  a  small 
band  of  young  men  actuated  by  the  same  spirit,  or  kindled  by  the 
inspiration  of  their  leader,  of  wliom  Rothrock,  Bannister,  Elliott 
and  the  speaker  still  survive. 

This  exp'vlition  marked  the  dawn  of  a  tiiird  era  for  the  investi- 
gation of  that  region.  The  expedition,  considered  in  its  com- 
mercial aspect,  was  a  failure,  but  the  explorations  it  set  on  foot 
bore  permanent  fruit.  The  parties  were  withdrawn,  in  1867,  after 
three  years  of  labor.  The  final  success  of  the  Atlantic  cable  ren- 
dered the  project  of  a  land-line  through  an  arctic  territory  no 
longer  advisable.  The  speaker  continued  his  work  there  for  an- 
other year  on  his  own  responsibility  and  at  his  own  expense,  feel- 
ing that  unless  this  was  done  the  previous  work  would  be  only  too 
fragmentary  to  cover  the  plan  of  investigation  he  had  laid  out. 
Kcnnicott,  overcome  by  his  labors,  had  passed  over  to  the  major- 
ity. The  maps,  notes,  records  and  papers  of  the  expedition,  in 
the  haste  to  reduce  expenses  and  close  an  unprofitable  account, 
were  scattered  without  publication  and  little  profit  was  reaped  by 
the  public,  from  most  of  its  operations.  The  work  of  the  scien- 
tific corps,  however,  was  more  fortunate,  but  instead  of  appear- 
ing as  it  should  in  a  general  report  devoted  to  all  branches  of  the 
subject,  which  would  always  have  remained  a  standard  of  refer- 
ence, circumstances  compelled  its  publication  in  single  papers  in  a 
variety  of  journals,  or  in  works  intended  rather  for  the  public 
than  for  the  student. 


ADDnESS    BT    W.    11.    DAIX. 


The  close  of  our  work  was  soon  followed  by  the  purchase  of 
the  territory  from  Russia  by  the  United  States.  For  nearly  six- 
teen years  the  immense  region,  thus  acquired,  hung  in  the  political 
firmament,  like  Mahommed's  coflln,  neither  a  foreign  country  nor 
yet  on  the  solid  ground  of  a  legally  organized  territory  of  the 
Union. 

During  this  period,  recently  brought  to  a  close  by  the  esti.' '!  h- 
ment  of  a  legal  government,  exploration  continued  more  or  i  >. 
active.  The  agents  of  the  general  government  visited  many  par's 
of  the  territory.  The  emissaries  of  the  Smithsonian  Insi.  ution, 
inspired  by  Baird  and  Henry,  spared  no  endeavors  to  gather  and 
record  facts  b.  u  i.^i  on  all  branches  of  science. 

The  signal  service  established  meteorological  stations.  The 
Army  bent  oIHcers  to  determine  the  northeastern  boundary  on  ihe 
Yukon.  The  Navy  visited  numerous  ports  and  brought  back  pre- 
cious documents  and  collections.  The  Revenue  Marine  contrib- 
uted, through  the  researches  of  its  olHcers,  an  immense  mass  of 
material  and  observation.  The  Coast  Survey  utilized  to  the  ut- 
most its  opportunities  and  with  satisfactory  success. 

Other  agents  of  the  United  States,  either  as  revenue  or  census 
ofBcers,  contributed  their  quota.  Something  was  gained  through 
the  Arctic  expedition  of  the  unfortunate  De  Long  and  the  others 
sent  to  rescue  or  discover  the  fate  of  his  party. 

The  International  Polar  Station  at  Point  Barrow,  though 
planted  upon  the  most  inhospitable  soil,  has  borne  excellent  fruit, 
some  of  which  is  yet  to  be  made  publicly  accessible. 

Even  foreign  lauds  have  contributed  to  the  work.  The  wonder- 
ful voyage  of  the  Vega,  with  her  wintering  on  the  adjacent  coast 
of  Siberia,  and  subsequent  visit  to  American  shores,  is  known  to 
every  one.  Pinart's  philological  tours,  the  admirable  work  done 
by  the  brothers  Krause,  and  the  indefatigable  journeys  of  Capt. 
Jacobsen,  cannot  be  overlooked. 

In  all  this  activity  there  was  of  course  much  inferior  work  done 
by  persona  unqualified  either  by  training  or  hi.  its  of  accurate  ob- 
servation. Numerous  petty  agents  of  the  Treasury  have  reported 
from  time  to  time,  in  documents  of  fortunately  limited  oircula- 
tion,  some  of  which  reveal  to  the  student  official  Bunsbyism  of 
the  purest  breed. 

The  same  observation  has  been  repeatedly  made,  each  time 
announced,    in  good    faith,   as    new.     Explorations  over  routes 


c? 


KM^HH 


■MiiiililPi 


8 


SKCTION    II. 


trodden  by  hundreds  of  predecessors  have  formed  the  sub- 
ject of  long  disquisitions,  and  rivers  to  be  found  on  every  respecta- 
ble map  of  the  last  thirty  years  have  been  reported  as  new 
discoveries  and  furnished  with  a  whole  set  of  new  names.  These, 
however,  are  the  faults  of  youthful  inexperience  and  enthusiasm, 
and  few,  even  of  these  publications,  but  have  contained  some  new 
and  welcome  facts.  They  would  hardly  be  worth  the  notice  of  the 
speaker  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  they  form  pitfalls  for  the  in- 
experienced student  who  should  not,  because  it  is  new  to  him, 
suppose  that  the  anthropology  of  Alaska  is  still  a  virgin  field. 
Its  literature  in  fact  is  enormous  and  rapidly  increasing. 

The  era  which,  with  the  just  organized  government  of  the 
region,  is  now  fairly  begun,  differs  in  several  particulars  from  the 
one  just  described.  Tourists  have  found  that  the  magnificent 
scenery,  and  cool  even  summer  weather  of  the  southeast  Alaskan 
region,  may  be  reached  and  enjoyed  with  little  trouble  and  ex- 
pense. 

The  lavish  purchases  of  foreign  collectors  have  exhausted,  in 
many  localities,  the  whole  supply  of  genuine  old  carvings  and 
stone  implements.  It  was  announced,  not  long  since,  that  a  dealer 
at  Juneau  was  intending  to  import  a  good  stone-cutter  for  the 
winter,  to  supply  his  shop  with  stone  implements  for  the  summer 
trade  of  1885.  Wooden  carvings  and  similar  "curios"  are  now 
regularly  made  for  sale  to  tourists,  and  often  show  singular  modi- 
fications from  the  aboriginal  types. 

The  first  "inscribed  tablet"  was  forged  at  Sitka  in  1868.  It 
was  a  PhcEuician  one.  We  may  look  for  a  large  crop  of  them  in 
the  future  should  the  market  prove  satisfactory. 

Nearly  every  traveller,  in  little  known  parts  of  the  world,  brings 
home  some  one  story  with  wliich,  half  in  jest,  he  gratifies  tiie 
natural  demand  for  the  marvellous,  on  the  part  of  his  acquaint- 
ances. These  stories  may  be  found  in  the  usual  proportion  iu 
most  accounts  of  Alaskan  travel,  and  have  occasionally  been  trans- 
planted to  scientific  works  of  great  respectability. 

To  the  young  anthropologist  we  would  say  therefore,  that  wlien 
a  particularly  astonishing  "fact"  is  presented  for  his  considera- 
tion, it  is  an  excellent  occasion  to  fall  back  on  the  reserve  of 
scepticism  which  every  scientific  man  is  supposed  to  carry  in  a 
small  bag  somewhere  near  his  heart. 

The  missionary  who  has  begun  his  benevolent,  and  we  hope,  ul- 


^•^ 


ADDRESS    BY   W.    H.    DALL.  » 

timately  fruitful  work  among  the  wild  tribes  of  Alaska,  frequently 
has  not  the  remotest  notion  of  tlie  wonderfully  complicated  and 
exact  system  of  ethical  philosophy  which  has  been  elaborated  by 
his  brown  brother,  and  the  rendering  thereof  in  his  letters  to  the 
missionary  paper  is  apt  to  be  more  graphic  tlian  accurate.  I  have 
seen  a  story  in  a  work  of  the  highest  reputation  to  the  effect  that 
a  favorite  dish  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ktidiak  is  composed  of  a 
mixture  of  bears'  dung.  When  we  consider  that  the  nearest  ap- 
proach to  an  oath  in  the  native  dialect  is  to  tell  an  adversary  to 
"eat  dung,"  the  value  of  such  a  statement  is  evident.  It  has 
probably  arisen  from  the  habit  of  the  Eskimo  of  making  a  sort  of 
salad  of  the  willow  bud  croppings  which,  at  certain  seasons,  are 
found  in  the  anterior  pouch  or  crop  of  the  reindeer,  where  they  are 
as  clean  and  nearly  as  dry,  as  if  in  a  basket.  They  are  eaten 
for  medicinal  reasons  by  the  Innuit.  In  the  story  a  deer  has 
become  a  bear,  and  the  willow  buds  dung,  but  how,  it  is  difficult  to 
imagine.  But  enough  on  this  topic  ;  the  Indian  is  a  man  like  our- 
selves with  much  the  same  tendencies,  and,  except  where  his  pe- 
culiar ethics  bind  him,  a  parallel  to  his  love,  hate,  appetites  and 
aspirations  may  be  seen  not  fundamentally  modified,  in  those  of  | 
our  own  children. 

My  classification  of  1869\  somewhat  enlarged,  was  republished 
in  "Alaska  and  its  resources"^  and  in  !877,  an  expanded  and  im- 
proved revision,  witli  a  good  deal  of  added  information  and  syn- 
onymy, appeared  in  the  first  volume  of  Contributions  to  North 
American  Ethnology.-'  It  is  to  tlie  latter  that  I  refer  as  a  stand- 
ard of  comparisons  in  the  ensuing  summary  of  progress. 

t 

Innuit. 

Western  Eskt'-no.  It  was  well  understood  by  me  in  1870,  and 
has  since  been  fully  confirmed,  that  most  of  the  Arctic  Innuit  are 
not  separated  into  tribes  in  the  same  sense  that  the  Indians  of  the 
United  States,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  were  at  the  time  of  their 
discovery,  nor  even  to  the  same   extent  as  those  Innuit,  south 

•On  Uie  ilistributloii  of  Uie  native  tribes  of  Alaska  and  the  adjacent  territory,  Proc. 
Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  8oi.,  eighteenth  (Salem)  meetin<;,  pp.  'Xi-'iTi,  8°.  Cambridge.  J.  Lev- 
ering, 1870. 

»  Al'  ■«lia  and  Its  rcsoiircus,  by  W.  H.  DaU,  xil,  (128  pp.  8°.  Boston,  Lee  &  Shepard, 
1870. 

» On  tlin  diatribntion  and  nomenclature  of  the  native  tribcR  of  Alaska  and  the  adja- 
cent territory.  Conlr.  to  Am.  Et^■l.V^l.  I,  pp.  7-40,  4'.  WanliinKton,  (lovornment  print- 
ing otUco,  1877.    The  manuscript  was  actually  prepared  for  the  printer  in  1875. 


i 


^ 


10 


SECTION   H. 


i 


\ 


from  Kotzebue  Sound  on  the  northwest  coast.  Terms  were  used 
to  indicate  the  groups  of  Innuit  geographically  separated  from 
each  other  by  a  stretch  of  unoccupied  coast  and,  for  convenience, 
tliese  terms  were  referred  to  as  tribes.  This  is  practically  their 
own  fashion.  The  people  are  all  known  as  Innuit,  those  from  a 
certain  quarter  have  a  special  name,  and  those  from  each  village 
in  that  district  or  each  river,  have  a  still  more  special  name.  But 
there  ai'e  no  chiefs,  no  tribal  relations  in  the  strict  sense,  and  the 
only  distinction  used  among  the  people  referred  to  is  based  on 
their  locality  of  origin  ;  they  freely  migrate  from  village  to  village 
or  district  and  are  not  regarded  as  foreigners,  though  the  obliga- 
tion of  free  hospitality  is  not  felt  to  be  binding  in  regard  to 
strangers  from  a  distance,  long  domiciled  in  another  tlian  their  na- 
tive village.  We  have  no  new  information  from  the  Kopagmut 
(Z.  c.,p.lO)  nor  from  the  people  of  the  Colville  river,  except  a  few 
notes  derived  from  the  Point  Barrow  people  by  Prof.  John  Murdoch 
during  his  sojourn  at  Cape  Smythe,  as  a  member  of  Lieut.  Ray's 
partj',  on  duty  at  the  International  Polar  Station  known  as  Ugla- 
ami.  In  the  course  of  his  admirable  ethnological  investigations 
he  found  that  the  Point  Barrow  people  have  the  habit  of  using 
the  plural  rather  than  the  collective  form  of  the  designation  for  a 
particular  people,  and  call  those  of  the  Mackenzie  river  district 
by  the  term  Kiipfing'-mi-un  (Kopagmut)  and  those  of  the  Colville 
Kung-mud'-ling  (Kung-maligmut).  The  Point  Barrow  people  call 
themselves  and  are  called  by  the  other  Innuit,  Nu-wung-mi-un 
(Nu-wuk-miit,  people  of  the  point).  They  call  the  people  of  the 
Nunatok  river  Nun-a-tan'-mi-un  (Nunatagmut)  and  call  the  In- 
dians of  the  interior  (Kiit-chin)  It-kud'-ling,  which  is  probably 
(like  In-ka-lit  of  the  more  southern  Innuit)  a  term  of  reproach  or 
contempt. 

For  the  people  of  Point  Barrow,  Mr.  Murdoch  and  the  other 
members  of  Lieut.  Ray's  party  obtained  rich  ethnological  data 
which  are  in  process  of  publication. 

Some  interesting  facts  have  also  been  gathered  by  Capt.  Hooper 
of  the  U.  S.  Revenue  cutter  Corwiii  during  several  visits  to  Point 
Barrow.  As  a  whole,  we  shall  soon  be  in  possession  of  very  full 
information  in  regard  to  this  isolated  band. 

Of  the  Nuualiikniut  we  have  nothing  since  1877,  and  of  the 
Kfi-agmut  (Kowagmut,  op.  cit.  p.  12)  only  a  few  facts  collected 
by  Lieut.  J.  C.  Cantwell  of  the  U.  S.  Revenue  Marine,  during  his 


T 


-w^ 


->)■■.■  •"i^^f'^i^ 


'^t^'^mwm^gam 


ADDRESS   BY    W.    H.    DALL. 


11 


exploration  of  the  river  in  1884.  He  reports  that  the  local  name 
of  the  river  is  Ku-ak  not  Kowak,  as  generally  adopted  on  the 
charts.  From  Lieutenant  Stoney  who  followed  him,  and  who  has 
since  returned  to  the  region  to  carry  on  a  more  extensive  explora- 
tion, a  large  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  these  Innuit  may  be 
expected  in  the  near  future. 

Of  the  Innuit  from  Kotzebue  Sound  around  to  Norton  Sound 
little  bearing  on  their  classification  or  language  has  been  gathered 
since  1877.  The  observations  of  Nordenskiold  and  the  Vega 
party  at  P.)rt  Clarence  in  1879,  and  of  the  speaker  in  charge  of 
the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  party  in  1880,  at  Port  Clarence  and  the 
Diomedes,  as  well  as  Kotzebue  Sound  and  the  Asiatic  coast  near 
by ;  of  Hooper  in  the  Corwin,  1878-80  ;  of  the  Jeannette  expedi- 
tion in  1879,  have  added  numerous  facts,  but  little  bearing  on 
their  distribution  or  classification,  which  was  not  already  known. 

Yuit;  Asiatic  Eskimo.  The  most  interesting  people  of  the  re- 
gion adjacent  to  Bering  strait  are  the  Asiatic  dwellers  on  the  coast, 
part  of  whom  belong  to  the  Korak  race  and  part  to  the  Orarian  group 
of  people.  In  no  other  ethnic  group  of  the  region  has  research 
been  better  rewarded  since  1877.  "We  have  the  admirable  observa- 
tions of  the  Vega  party,  the  arduous  explorations  of  Arthur  and 
Aurel  Krause,  and  some  observations  of  ray  own,  all  of  which 
taken  together  have  done  much  to  clear  up  one  of  the  most  knotty 
ethnological  puzzles  of  the  northern  regions.  I  give  the  results 
in  brief  as  my  time  is  not  sufficient  to  go  into  details.  The  Asiatic 
coast  presents  us  with  the  Tsaii-yu  (plural  Tsau-yuat)  or  Tsau-chu, 
a  people  of  Korak  extraction,  commonly  known  as  sedentary 
Ciuikchi,  who  have  lost  their  reindeer  and  settled  upon  the  coast, 
adopting  from  their  Innuit  neighbors  much  of  their  peculiar  culture, 
but  not  their  language.  These  people  bear  about  the  same  rela- 
tion to  tlie  wandering  or  reindeer  Chukchi  that  the  fishing  or  farm- 
ing Lapps  do  to  the  Mountain  Lapps  of  Lapland.  Among  them, 
with  their  little  villages  sometimes  side  by  side,  are  to  be  found  the 
Asiatic  Innuit,  who  call  themselves  Yuit  (by  local  corruption  of  the 
race  name)  and  who  present  essentially  the  features  of  the  Western 
Innuit  of  America,  with  some  local  ditferences.  They  migrate  with 
tiie  seasons  from  Cape  Oliutorsk  to  East  Cape  ;  their  most  northern 
permanent  village  as  far  as  known  is  at  the  latter  point.'*     The 


^Thc  Census  Map  is  en-oncous  in  rcgai'd  to  theli'  distribution  southwostward. 


^.^^.'z.^ii^^ii^v-.'^iiS^Tf^fm^t^j^^w'--  -'V*— .  m 


12 


SECTION   H. 


\ 


Tsau-chu  extend  along  the  northern  coast  of  Siberia  much  farther 
north  and  west.  The  two  races  are  friendly,  there  is  some  inter- 
mingling of  blood  by  marriage  and  a  jargon  containing  words  of 
both  dialects  is  used  in  communications  between,  them.  In  my 
opinion,  however,  it  is  very  necessary  to  keep  in  view,  that  the 
culture  of  the  Tsau-chu,  so  far  as  it  differs  from  that  of  the  wan- 
dering Chukchi,  is  distinctly  a  derivative  from  that  older  culture 
of  the  Innuit  race,  though  the  arctic  people  of  both  hemispheres  and 
all  races  have  much  in  common,  due  to  their  environment.  The 
word  Chukchi  has  been  so  misused  that  it  is  almost  meaningless, 
but,  in  the  strict  and  accurate  meaning  of  the  word,  there  are  no 
Chukchi  on  the  American  coast,  as  has  been  asserted.  That  er- 
ror arose  from  the  confusion  between  the  Innuit  and  Yuit  on  the 
one  hand  and  the  Tsau-chu  on  the  other. 

Southwestern  Innuit.  Of  tli.  Innuit  people  on  the  American 
coast  at  Norton  Sound  and  southward  to  the  Peninsula  of  Aliaska, 
not  much  additional  information  has  been  made  public  since  1877 
bearing  on  their  classification.  That  in  the  Report  on  Aliaska 
comprised  in  the  publications  of  the  U.  S.  Census  of  1880  is  retro- 
grade in  man}'  particulars  rather  than  an  advance,  being  the  work 
of  a  person  unqualified  for  the  task.  Magnificent  collections  bear- 
ing on  the  culture  of  these  people  have  been  made  by  Turner,  E. 
W.  Nelson,  W.  J.  Fisher,  C.  H.  Mackay  and  others,  and  have 
been  received  by  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  But  the  unfortu- 
nate ill  health  of  Mr.  Nelson  and  other  circumstances  have  delayed 
the  publication  of  his  rich  and  valuable  observations.  A  good 
deal  has  also  been  done  in  the  w:iy  of  collections  on  the  island  of 
St.  Lawrence  by  Hooper  and  Nelson  and  in  the  Aleutian  Islands 
by  Turner,  Dall  and  otliers. 

With  regard  to  the  tribal  limits  of  the  Western  Innuit,  geograph- 
ically considered,  they  are  very  mutable  and  especially  in  recent 
years  are  constantly  changing  in  small  details.  This  arises  from 
the  fact  that  the  geographical  group  which  we  have  called  a  tribe 
among  the  Innuit,  and  for  which  in  some  cases  they  have  a  special 
designation,  is  not  a  political  organization  headed  by  a  chief  or 
chiefs,  but  simply  a  geographical  aggregation  of  people  who  have 
by  possession  obtained  certain  de  facto  rights  of  hunting,  fishin*' 
etc.,  over  a  certain  area.  The  jealousy  of  adja(!ent  groups  keeps 
the  imaginary  boundary  line  pretty  well  defined  through  fear  of 
reprisals  Mhould  it  i)e  viohUeii.     When  the  whites  come  in  with 


ADDRESS   BT   W.   H.   DALL. 


18 


trade  and  established  posts  all  over  the  I'egion,  they  also  use 
their  power  to  put  down  any  conflicts,  which  are  always  injurious 
to  trade.  Tlie  boundaries  now  violable  with  impunity  fall  into  ob- 
livion and  the  more  energetic  hunters  and  trappers  go  where  they 
choose.  In  this  manner  the  geographical  group  names  I  have  de- 
scribed are  ceasing  to  have  any  serious  significance  and  every  new 
ethnographical  visitor  will  find  himself  unable  to  make  the  ancient 
boundaries  correspond  to  the  distribution  of  the  moment.  Never- 
theless, in  a  general  way  the  old  maps  such  as  that  of  1877  still 
indicate  the  focus  of  the  former  group  or  tribe  and  doubtless  will 
long  continue  to  do  so.  The  Innuit  tribes  on  the  Kuskokwim  have 
been  found  by  Nelson  to  extend  farther  up  tlie  river  than  was  sup- 
posed in  1877,  reaching  nearly  or  quite  to  Kolmakoff  trading  post. 
The  advance  up  the  Yukon  shown  on  the  census  map  is  recent,  if 
authentic.  The  St.  Lawrence  Island  people  are  more  nearly  relat- 
ed to  the  Innuit  of  the  American  coast  than  to  those  of  Asia, 
though  their  commerce  is  with  the  latter  and  with  their  Korak 
neiglibors.  As  regards  the  Innuit  of  the  region  between  the  Ko- 
yukuk  River  and  the  Selawik  River,  the  miscegenation  indicated  by 
the  census  map  has  no  foundation  in  fact.  The  error  doubtless 
arose  from  the  permission  accorded  by  the  Innuit  to  special -par- 
ties of  Tinneh  to  come  into  and  through  the  territory  of  the  former, 
for  purposes  of  trade.^  The  north  shore  of  the  peninsula  east  of 
Port  Moller  is  represented  by  the  census  map  as  occupied  by  the 
Aleuts  or  Uniingiin.  The  region  is  really  not  inhabited,  except 
for  a  few  temporary  bunting  stations,  except  by  typical  Innuit. 
Notwithstanding  these  and  mOi'.y  other  errors  in  this  compilation, 
it  is  prco^.,Iy  correct  in  extending  the  area  of  Tinneh  about  Sela- 
wik Lake,  which  is  a  useful  addition  to  our  knowledge.  In  1880 
while  visiting  Cook's  Inlet  I  was  enabled  to  determine  the  essential 
identity  of  the  native  Innuit  of  Kenai  with  thoseof  Prince  William 
Sound  though  among  them  were  many  Koniag'mut  brought  there 
for  purposes  of  trade  in  huntiug  the  sea-otter. 

With  regard  to  the  Aleuts,  the  degree  of  civilization  to  which 
they  have  attained  is  very  promising.  The  people  are  not  scat- 
tered over  the  archipelago  except  in  their  hunting  parties.  In  the 
western  Aleutian  Islands  the  only  permanent  villages  are  at  At- 
tn and  Atka  Islands.     The  division  into  groups  is  rather  a  matter 


»  Tho  first  wliito  men  to  visit  this  ration  were  J.  S.  Dyer  nnd  Richard  Cotter  In  18BB. 
/iigosklu'H  iillogecl  journey  wiiH  fabulous  and  concocted  by  lilm  in  the  Nulato  trading 
\)ost.    flacobsen  and  WuuU'c  luive  mIucc  inaite  the  trip  and  |)crhii|i8  others. 


T 


14 


SECTION   H. 


it 


1 


of  tradition  than  of  actuality ;  practically  they  are  as  much  one 
people  as  those  of  two  adjacent  English  counties. 

The  easternmost  of  the  Innuit  people  are  the  Chug&chigmut  of 
Prince  William  Sound.  At  their  eastern  limit  there  has  long  been 
a  confusion,  which  I  supposed  I  bad  cleared  up  in  1874  but  which 
has  only  been  finally  regulated  by  information  received  from  the 
brothers  Krause  and  obtained  by  myself  in  1880.  The  census 
agent  who  visited  them  in  1881  was  frightened  by  some  boisterous 
demonstrations  and  departed  in  the  night  in  a  small  canoe  ;  aban- 
doning his  equipage,  after  a  stay  of  some  forty-eight  'iours.  Con- 
sequently very  little  information  was  obtained  by  him  and  that  of 
an  uncertain  character. 

Three  stocks  approximate  to  each  other  at  this  point,  the  Chu- 
giichigmut  Innuit,  the  Tinneh  of  Copper  River,  and  the  Chilkaht 
tribe  of  Tlinkit.  The  latter  have  a  precarious  tratlic,  coastwise  ; 
a  few  canoes  annually  reaching  tlie  Chilkaht  village  (sometimes 
called  Chilkhaak)  at  Controller  Bay  by  the  dangerous  voyage  from 
Yakutat.  But  another  path  lies  open  to  them,  at  least  at  times. 
One  of  Dr.  Krause's  Indian  guides  informed  him  that  he  had  de- 
scended the  Altsekh  river  (a  branch  of  the  Atna  or  Copper  river) 
which  heads  near  the  Chilkat  River  at  the  head  of  Lynn  Canal,  to 
a  village  of  his  own  tribe  at  its  mouth  on  the  seacoast.  Of  the 
visits  of  the  Ah-tena  tribe  of  the  Tinneh  I  have  had  personal 
observation  and  that  the  Chiigachigmut  pass  by  tliem  to  the 
Kayak  Island  in  summer  all  authorities  are  agreed.  This  Inform- 
ation explains  the  confusion  of  previous  evidence  and  shows  why 
the  vocabularies  have  sometimes  afforded  testimony  in  favor  of 
one  view  and  sometimes  of  another.  A  jargon  is  probably  in  use 
in  communications  between  tlie  Tlinkit  and  the  Innuit.  That  any 
ethnic  intermingling  of  blood  has  taken  place  I  regard  as  too  im- 
probable to  be  worth  consideration,  having  had  personal  evidence 
of  the  fear  and  hate  existing  between  the  two  peoples.  There  is 
some  distrust  between  the  Tinneh  and  the  Innuit,  as  elsewhere,  but 
the  bold  and  aggressive  Tlinkit  have  committed  so  many  out- 
rages upon  the  timid  and  peaceable  Cliugucliigmut,  that  the  feel- 
ing there  is  of  a  much  more  bitter  character. 

1  have  elsewhere  stated  my  reasons  for  believing  that  the  Innuit 
formerly  extended  much  farther  to  the  south  and  east.  Nothing 
h:is  since  been  discovered  which  materially  affects  the  grounds  of 
this  belief  of  mine,  and  the  subject  is  an  interesting  one  for  future 
investiguliun. 


ADDRESS   BY    W.    U.    DALL. 


15 


Tlinkit  OB  Kaloshians,  and  Haida. 

The  investigations  for  tlie  census  in  1880,  in  southeastern 
Alaska,  were  committed  to  Mr.  Miletich  of  Sitka,  who  deputized 
the  Rev.  S.  Hall  Young  and  some  of  the  other  missionaries  to  ob- 
tain the  number  and  distribution  of  the  native  inhabitants.^ 

This  work  done  by  men  of  education  and  intelligence,  whose 
interests  would  all  be  in  the  direction  of  accuracy,  has  given  us  a 
valuable  and  the  first  reliable  indication  of  the  geographical  dis- 
tribution of  the  smaller  groups  of  the  Tlinkit  within  our  territory. 
Whether  these  groups  are  entitled  to  rank  as  tribes,  or  whether 
they  do  not  rather  correspond  to  clans  or  to  purely  geographical 
divisions,  subordinate  to  those  indicated  in  1877  I  am  as  yet  un- 
able to  determine.  Doubtless  the  work  which  Dr.  Krause  is  un- 
derstood to  have  in  hand  will  give  us  praiseworthy  and  final  data 
upon  the  subject.  The  most  interesting  result  of  the  census  work 
was  tlie  extension  of  the  range  of  the  Haida  to  the  northern  end 
of  Prince  of  Wales  Island.  In  this  we  have  a  new  fact  properly 
authenticated,  and  for  which  we  are  grateful. 

Several  books  ha\e  been  publis!  1  by  the  missionaries  on  their 
life  in  Alaska,  most  of  which  do  uot  contain  much  of  value  to 
the  ethnologist ;  with  greater  knowledge  and  experience  we  may 
hope  for  something  more  satisfying. 

The  most  important  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  the  peo- 
ple and  culture  of  this  part  of  Alaska  since  1875,  is  due  to  the 
labors  of  Drs.  Arthur  and  Aurel  Krause  -vhich  are  too  well  known 
for  me  to  need  to  specify  them  in  detail. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Swan,  of  Washington  Territory,  has  made  extensive 
and  valuable  collections  for  the  National  Museum  both  from 
southeastern  Alaska  and  the  region  south  and  east  of  it  in  British 
Columbia. 

Dr.  Friedrich  Mijller  has  devoted  much  study  to  the  Tlinkit 
language  and  has  published  observations  on  their  verb.  Dr. 
A.  Pfizmaier  has  pursued  investigations  in  the  same  direction  ; 
both  of  these  rest  their  work  chiefly  on  the  classical  study  of  the 
Kaloshians  by  Veniaminofr.  But  it  is  impracticable  in  an  address 
of  this  sort  to  attempt  too  close  an  investigation  or  record  of  de- 
tails. 

'  This  lins  not  been  stnted  by  ilie  compiler  of  the  fliinJ  ccnsns  report,  who,  nover- 
thuleHB,  If  I  iini  correctly  informed,  was  entirely  dependent  upon  these  sources  for  all 
tliiit  IS  new  uud  valuable  iu  regard  to  southeasteru  Alaska,  em<<odiud  in  the  said  re- 
port. 


1" 


16 


SECTION   H. 


( 


TiNNBH  OR   AtHABASKANS. 

To  the  knowledge  of  these  people  in  Alaska  little  or  nothing  has 
been  added  of  late. 

The  Kiin-un-ah'  or  Stick  Indians,  who  inhabit  the  Lewis  branch 
of  the  Yukon  heading  near  the  Lynn  Canal,  have  been  visited  by 
numerous  parties  of  whites,  and  lately  by  Lieutenant  Schwatka, 
who  has  given  some  interesting  details  as  to  the  life  and  condi- 
tion of  these  Indians,  and  especially  of  those  lands  on  the  lyon 
(Hai-an,  Ayan,  etc.,  whence  Hai-ankutchin  or  Han-kutchin,  the  lat- 
ter probably  a  corruption  of  the  former)  river  and  the  upper  part 
of  the  Yukon,  about  which  so  little  has  been  known. 

I  was  able  to  definitely  determine,  during  my  visit  to  Cook's 
Inlet  in  1880,  the  proper  name  of  the  Tinneh  tribe  which  live  on 
its  shores ;  the  K'nai-akhotana  (Knaitse  or  Kcnaitze  of  the  Rus- 
sian, Tinnats  by  corruption  ;  Tehaninkutchin  of  the  Yukon  tribes 
north  of  them)  whose  range  was  determined  by  Petroff  to  include 
and  surround  the  great  Iliainna  Lake. 

There  has  been  for  two  seasons  a  military  party  endeavoring  to 
ascend  the  Atna  or  Copper  river  from  the  sea.  Doubtless  the  re- 
port on  the  country  and  people  which  we  may  expect  from  them 
on  their  return  will  be  replete  with  greatly  needed  ethnological  as 
well  as  geographical  information. 

Adjacent  tribks. 

In  closing  my  sketch  of  progress  in  anthropological  knowledge 
in  the  far  northwest,  I  cannot  omit  (though  somewhat  beyond  our 
boundaries)  calling  your  attention  to  the  valuable  work  of  Dr. 
Geo.  M.  Dawson  of  the  Canadian  Geological  Survey.  He  has 
published  an  admirable  monograph  on  the  Haida  of  Queen  Char- 
lotte Islands,  and  in  connection  with  the  veteran  Dr.  W.  F.  Tol- 
mie,  a  series  of  comparative  vocabularies  of  the  British  Columbian 
tribes,  illustrated  by  a  map  of  their  distribution.  This  fills  a  gap 
in  ethnographic  maps  which  has  long  reproachfully  appealed  to 
the  eye  of  the  student,  and  for  the  first  time  renders  possible  a 
general  discussion  of  Northwest  American  tribes. 

We  should  not  forget,  however,  that  our  knowledge  is  still  for 
the  most  part  approximate,  especially  in  regard  to  what  arc  called 
tribes,  and  that  a  really  comprehensive  treatment  of  this  branch 
of  the  subject  must  be  reserved  for  more  precise  data  still  to  be 
collected. 


1 


ADDJIESS   BY    W.    H.    DALL. 


17 


Well  knowing  the  defects  of  much  that  has  been  clone  by  myself 
and  others,  and  that  numerous  corrections  are  to  be  anticipated 
from  impartial  criticism  in  the  future,  I  have  in  the  preceding 
sketch  avoided,  as  much  as  might  be,  destructive  criticism,  how- 
ever tempting  tlie  opportunity.  To  this  rule  I  have  been  forced 
to  make  an  exception  in  regard  to  an  imposing  ofBcial  document 
included  in  Vol.  VIII  of  the  recent  monographs  of  the  census  of 
1880.  I  felt  this  to  be  due  to  students,  who  might  well  bo  excused 
for  supposing  such  a  work  to  contain  the  last  word  on  the  subject 
of  which  it  treats,  especially  as  it  does  contain  a  large  amount  of 
compiled  material  from  respectable  sources. 

An  outline  of  the  tribes  as  at  present  recognized  is  appended  ■ 
when  the  limits  of  1877  still  hold  good,  only  that  date  follows  the 
name.  Synonymy  is  only  attempted  when  necessary  to  clear  up 
some  misunderstanding.  The  term  tribe,  as  will  be  understood 
from  the  foregoing,  is  used  only  in  a  tentative  manner. 

Obakians. 

Innuit  stock. 
(Northwestern  Innuit.) 

Kopag'-mut,     1877.^  Estimated  population.        

Kang-malig'mut,     1877.8 
Nuwuk-mut,     1877.9 
Nunatog'mut,     1877.1" 
Ku-ag'mut,  1877." 

(Asiatic  Innuit.)  

Yuit.'s 

(Island  Innuit.) 

Ima,h-kli-mut.'3  

Ing-uh-kli-mut.i4  40? 


3100? 


Shi-wo-kiig-mut.'^ 


150? 


'  Erroneously  located  on  census  map.    Population  for  Alaska  only. 

*  ErruDcously  omitted  from  census  map. 

•This  term  applies  only  to  the  Point  Barrow  people,  but  they  are  not  dilTerentiatod 
from  others  as  far  southeast  as  Point  Hope.    See  op,  cit.  1877,  p.  11. 

'"  Range  very  erroneously  extended  without  data,  on  the  census  map.  It  would  ap- 
pear fk-om  the  reports  of  Cantwell  and  Stoncy  that  on  the  Kii-jlk  or  Kowak  river  is  the 
most  numerous  band  of  the  area  embraced  under  the  name  on  that  map. 

"Kowiig'mut,  1877.    These  practically  include  Scliiwigmut. 

"Chukluk-nifit,  1877.  Southern  range  incorrectly  indicated  ou  census  map.  Mu- 
gwDh-mut  at  East  Cape. 

"  Big  Diomcde  Island  people. 

"  Little  Diomedc  Island  people. 

"  St.  Lawrence  Island  people,  Kikh-tog-a-mist  of  1877. 


18  SECTION    n. 

(Western  Innuit.) 
Kavi&g'-mut,  1877.«6 
Maii'-le-inut,     1877." 
Un-alig'-mut,  1877. 
Ikog'-mut,  1877."* 
Mag'emut.i" 
Kai-a-lig-mut. 
Kijskwog'mut.**" 
Nushagag'-mut,'^'  1877. 
Oglemut.82 
Kaiiiag'mut.23 
Chu-gach'igmut.^'' 


14,500? 


Unungun,  1877. 


(Aleutians) 


Indians. 


2,200? 


Tinneh  or  Athabaskan  stock. 
(Western  Tinncli.)^^ 
Kai'-ytih-kho-ta'na,  1877. 
Ko-yu'-kiikh-o-ta'-na,  1877. 
Un'-a-kho-ta'-na,  1877. 

(Kutchin  tribes). 
Ten'an'-kut-chin',  1877. 
Tennuth'-kut-chin',  1877. 
Tat-sah'-kiit-chin'  1877. 


2,000? 


700? 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 


"King-i'-ga-raut  of  the  coiikus  map  refers  only  to  the  people  of  the  village  at  Cape 
Prince  of  Wales.    See  op.  cit.  p.  10. 

•'  Range  evroncously  extended  north  of  Selawik  Lake  on  tiie  census  map. 

"  E  k6g-mut  of  1877,  but  the  present  apelling  is  preferaljle. 

i»  The  Nunivak  people,  nt  least  on  the  north  coaHt,  call  themselves  Milgemut.  The 
Kaialigmut,  according  to  Nelson,  are  interposed  on  the  mainland  between  llie  northern 
Milgemut  and  the  Kfiskwogmut. 

"» The  KiiskwOgmut,  according  to  Nelson,  extend  Inland  to  Kolmakoff  redoubt  on 
the  Kiiskokwim  river. 

"'This  name  covers  the  Ching-ig'mut  and  Togiftg'-mut  of  the  census  map.  There 
seems  to  be  little  dilTerentiation  between  these  bands. 

"  Tlie  Agle-mut  of  some  authorities  (op.  cit.  1877,  p.  19).  According  to  Tetroflf,  tlie 
Tinneh  are  interposed  l)etween  them  and  the  south  shore  of  lliamna  Lake.  They  extend 
southeastward  to  the  mountains  of  the  peninsula  and  range  westward  at  times  to  Port 

MOIIcr. 

«» With  the  boundaries  of  1877,  except  the  end  of  Kenal  peninsula. 

■'*  From  the  western  extreme  of  Kenai  peninsula  to  the  mouth  of  the  Copper  or  Atna 
river  and  Kaye  or  Kayak  Island. 

"In  80  far  as  the  classillciition  of  the  Western  Tinneh  of  the  Census  Report  differs 
from  tliat  of  1877,  it  is  a  falling  bac;  on  the  earlier  state  of  confusion  which  prevailed 
before  the  collection  of  data  on  whk-,h  the  work  of  1877  was  based.  The  word  Kalchana 
used  in  that  report  is  not  an  Indian  word  at  all  but  u  colonial  Russian  expression  used 
of  any  interior  Tinneh  with  whom  they  were  little  familiar. 


* 


6 


t 


3d 
na 
ed 


A 


ADDRESS  nr  w.  n.  dall. 

Kut-cha'-kut-chin',  1877. 

Natsit'-kut-chin,  1877. 

Vunta'-kut-chin',  1877. 

Hai-an'-kut-cliin'.s'* 

Tiit-cliolin'-kut-chin  (?)  1877. 

(Eastern  TiiineU.) 
K'nai'-a-kho-tana.27 

Ah-tena',  1877. 

(Nehaunee8.)28 

Abba- to- ten  all,  1877. 

Acheto-tinneh,  1877. 

Khun-un-ali'.'^» 

"TakuUi." 
T'silkotinneh. 

Tlinkit  or  Kalosliian  stock. 
Chilkalit-kwan.3» 
Yak-u-tat',  1877. 
Sit-ka-kwan,  1877. 
Stakhin-kwan,  1877.32 
Skut-kwan  (?)  Dawson,  1884. 

Haida  stock. 
Haida.33 

Tsimpsi-an'  stock. 
Tsimp-si-an'. 


19 


614 

250? 


(Carriers.) 


30 


! 


1314 
500? 

4949 

788 


This  terminates  the  list  of  tribes  in  or  immediately  adjacent  to 
Alaskan  territory.  For  further  material  those  interested  are  re- 
ferred  to  Tolmie  and  Dawson. 

•"Han'.kfitcliin  of  1877.  Thnir  range  should  be  extended  to  Fort  Selkirk  on  the 
Yukon  and  the  lower  part  of  the  Iyon(or  Ai-an)  river  (see  Coast  survey  map  of  Alaska 
1884)  though  their  settled  villages  are  on  the  lower  part  of  this  range  as  indicated  in 
1877.  The  TSt-chone'  kat-chin  of  1877  move  In  a  similar  manner,  up  stream  for  the 
hunting  and  down  stream  for  the  fishing  season.  It  is  prol)able8omeof  the  little  known 
tribes  grouped  in  1877,  under  the  name  of  Nehaunees,  will  require  to  be  consolidated  us 
perliaps  different  names  lor  the  same  tribe. 

"Vorllled  personally  in  1880.    Tehiinin'  kfltcldn  of  1877. 

"The  tribes  under  this  head  are  only  provisionally  clasgiflcd  as  in  1877. 

•"Stick  Indians  of  the  traders.  Inhabit  the  basin  of  the  Lewis  River  and  trade  with 
the  Chilkahtkwan,    They  are  Nehaunees  E.  and  F.  of  1877. 

"The  tribes  of  British  Columbia  are  quoted  from  Dawson  and  Tolmie  (op.  c«  1884  ) 

"To  their  distribution  in  1877  must  be  added  their  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the  At-na 
Kiver.    See  preceding  pages  of  this  address.    Chilkaak  and  Chilkaat  of  Census  Map 

•"The  local  septs  or  subdivisions  are  named  in  tiie  report  of  1877  (p.  38)  and  probably 
more  fully  indicated  as  to  boundaries  on  the  Census  Map. 

"The  corrected  area  in  Alaska  occupied  by  these  people  has  been  referred  lo  and  is 
indicated  on  the  Census  map.  These  people  evidently  form  a  separate  family,  allied  to 
the  Tliiikif,  Kaigah-ni  of  1877  Is  the  name  of  a  local  sept.    For  others  see  Dawson 


